Theres a Stranger in my Words :: Creative Writing Essays

Theres a Stranger in my WordsAs I sit here and stare at the mackintoshI wonder who sits at my back?If they knew what I writeWould they curse me and biteOr start up many verbal attack? Well, as I walk through the swirling, smoke filled sky of the Hagg-Sauer doorway, squeezing my eyes shut against the reflected sunlight, I thought about how I would approach this project. How to allege what I need to say, without saying it in a way that has been said a thousand times, in a million-million words. The voices in my head fight back to evade to the paper, but on that points this thing in between my thoughts and your eyes...my mind. Language that I would _never_ actually use in speaking to someone seems to just flow, driven by some primal college survival instinct, from my fingertips when I sit down at the word-hatcher with an assignment in hand. This has become a real dilemma, as I now struggle for true expression and attempt to beat back the demons of 15 years worth of practice at the official style of writing. _I feel that I have become quite an well adapted to writing the language which has become the common coin of the realm at colleges and Universities._ I could sit here and write puffed up, stagnant, and deadening paragraph after paragraph, and still hold the interest of many of my instructors. But that is not my desire...I seek to free my muse from the shackles of formulae, the bondage of format, and the unrelenting ambiguity of the equal old stuff. When does your _voice_, that engaging part of your writing which bridges topic and audience, become sensible and engaging? Is it when you _feel it_ working, when the point seems to be making its way onto the page or screen in front of you? Does it depend more on the person reading the thing you gave them? If this is true, hence our discussion begins to degenerate into the absurd... If the success of my writing comes from you, the reader, then I can never be sure of its effectiveness before talking to you abo ut it, can I? And if this is the case, then maybe it is best that there _is_ a fixed format to write into with college work. Pigeon holes, indeed And yet, when the smoke clears and the debris is swept away, sometimes I feel that the real me, my thoughts and feelings, come through onto the page.

Hybrid Cars Essay -- Gasoline Electric Hybrid Automobiles

These cars operate from a rechargeable battery and shove alongoline. The engines are smaller so that they pull up stakes be able to accommodate the 99% of time when the car is not going uphill or accelerating quickly. The battery is used to flip extra acceleration power if needed. When the car is stopped, hybrid gasoline motors can shut off and run off their electric motor and battery. These cars are silken and the tires are often stiffer and inflated higher to reduce dragging.According to a November 16, 2004 article written in the parents magazine, hybrid cars are no different from the gas powered car. It can accelerate just as quickly and travel just as fast on the highway and they are just as safe to drive. When the car comes to a complete stop, the engine shuts down completely and starts up again when the accelerator is pressed. in that locationfore, gas is not wasted and toxins are not emitted. www.ineed2know.orgThere are 3 popular hybrids on the market today which are t he Honda Insight coupe, Toyota Prius four door hatchback and the Honda Civic hybrid Sedan. There are 6 new hybrid models on the way to the market which result give families a larger selection to choose from. These cars will waive consumers to save on gas. The consumer gets more miles per gallon with the Hybrid car. These cars can go 600 miles before having to refuel with gasoline which will decrease the amount of money that the consumer will have to pay for filling the gas tank. Also, these cars produce about 90 percent fewer smog-forming tailpipe emissions compared with the average new car, according to Dave Hermance, head of Environmental engineer for Toyota. Purchasing these cars will also allow the consumer to receive a tax break of $1,500. The price of these cars are no... ...ill increase and the manufacturers will have to increase production. amuse rate is another factor that impact demand for this car. If the interest rate is low, more consumers will be able to purchas e the car because the monthly payments will be low. However, if the interest rate is high, this will cause the monthly payments to be higher which may cause demand for cars to decrease. The forecasts that I would use for these indicators are www.federalreserve.gov, www.cbo.gov and www.mbaa.org. These scotch forecasts can be used to predict future demands. Due to the constant rise in gas prices, Hybrid cars have become a acrid item in todays economy. Although the Hybrid cars are more expensive than the conventional cars the rapid increase in gasoline prices will allow the consumer to make up the difference and save money by having to make fewer trips to the gas pump.

Analysis of We Wear the Mask by Paul Laurence Dunbar Essay -- Slavery

Analysis of We Wear the Mask by capital of Minnesota Laurence DunbarWe Wear the Mask by Paul Laurence Dunbar is a renowned piece ofliterature that has been the subject of various literary criticismsover the years. Because of the poems indirectness and generalizedambiguity, the interpretation of the we that wears the mask andwhy they do so is left unanimously undisclosed. It is up to theinterpreter and the support given by the interpreter to produce avalid representation of the meaning that lies at a lower place the mask. Onesuch analysis of We Wear the Mask is presented by Peter Revell onpage 71 of his book Paul Laurence Dunbar, which was published in 1979by G. K. Hall & Co. Unfortunately, the given argument nearly shamesthe profoundness of Paul Laurence Dunbars poem with its brevity andlack of sufficient support. In Revells short and fatigued interpretation of Dunbars We Wear theMask, he suggests that it is impossible for the non- ominous reader todraw inspiration or admonition fr om the subject matter, and that itwas written from within a black experience and exclusively for a blackaudience. However, this analysis can be viewed as primarily invalidbecause as Revell makes this claim, he fails to provide solid designatefrom the text that would richly booster his assumption. He merelypulls an entire stanza from the poem to illustrate his point, withoutreferencing specific words or phrases that would elucidate hisargument. If Revell were to have supplied more fully the evidence of Dunbarsother poetry of the time, showing how it objectively displayed a blacktheme and straightforwardly addressed the injustices of slavery, thena parallel of relation could have been drawn between the two and his... ...s ace such mask that profoundly affectedDunbar personally.Revell failed to see the possibility that We Wear the Mask couldrepresent anything exclusively the turmoil the black slaves endured because ofDunbars disposition as a descendent of slaves. However, theinte rpretation that this poem speaks to all people is supported morefully by dint of the text as a result of Dunbars use of the universalwe in coercion with religious reference. All people wear thismask and until one figures out the most appropriate way to take itoff, the land dream otherwise and all will continue to fool and befooled by the worlds countless masks. Works CitedRevell, Peter. Paul Luarence Dunbar. United States of America G.K.Hall & Co., 1979Brawly, Benjamin. Paul Laurence Dunbar Poet of his People. New YorkThe University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1936.

Why Hitler Was Invited to Become Chancellor :: Papers

Why Hitler Was Invited to Become Chancellor In 1932 the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution were clear to all. Due to its careful balance of power and proportional representation, no governmental leader was strong enough to rule. During this period Germany was effectively being run by 84 year old President Hindenburg. Policy was being tick by a tiny group of rich, conservative industrialists and army leaders. The Reichstag offered very little leadership. The heart of the problem was that the Nazis were the largest companionship. Normally the leader of such a party would become Chancellor, but the other parties in the Reichstag would not work with Hitler. The constitution gave President Hindenburg the right to appoint Chancellor and he did not want Hitler as Chancellor. So month after month there were arguments and back-room deals as different politicians struggled to assemble a workable government. The weakness of the Reichstag would have been a pr oblem nonetheless if things had been going well in Germany. But when faced with the chronic problems of the Depression it was disastrous. In the July elections of 1932 the Nazis got their best ever result with 37.3% of the vote (230 seats.) They were now by uttermost the largest party. Hitler demanded to be appointed Chancellor. Hindenburg despised Hitler, but he could see the value of trying to use the Nazis for his own ends. Hindenburg appointed Franz von Papen as his Chancellor. Von Papen had no support in the Reichstag but he hoped he could create a right-wing coalition government with the support of the Nazis and the other right-wing parties in the Reichstag. Hitler refused to co-operate, so Hindenburg called another election. This was a bad election for the Nazis. Apathy was settling in. In Northeim the Nazis were in financial trouble and made a public appeal for party funds. In an contract to regain support, the SA and leading Nazis went to ch urch en masse and got a Protestant minister to speak for them. They placed advertisements in the local papers and

Comparing Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451 :: comparison compare contrast essays

Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451   The novels Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451 take place in the future the futures that the authors have created are troubled and the world is approaching a disastrous end. Initially, Colonel Graff invites Ender to Battle School and tells him how important it is that he participates in the war. The buggers may seem like a game to you now, Ender, but they damn near wiped us out last time. They had us cold, outnumbered and outweaponed. The only thing that saved us was that we had the most brilliant military commander we ever found. Call it fate, shout out it God, call it damnfool luck, we had Mazer Rackham. (p. 25) The future seems dark because the humans are trailing in bugger war. If the military could get another commander like Mazer Rackham, then the future would be brighter Ender Wiggins trains to be the next Mazer Rackham.  In Fahrenheit 451, volume wanting to be entertained all the time causes the future to be mind numbing, bleak, and burn down.  The sun burnt every day. It burnt Time. The world rushed in a circle and turned on its axis and time was busy burning the years and the people anyway, without any help from him. So if he burnt things with the firemen and the sun burnt Time, that meant that everything burnt (p. 141)   The futuristic setting is the authors way of saying that the future will be depressing if humans fail to recognize and appreciate literature. The world is doomed because all these people want to do is sit in front of protect televisions and be entertained. Another example, Ender and Peter play buggers and astronauts, which accepts the real war that is taking place. When kids played in the corridors, whole troops of them, the buggers never won, and sometimes the games got mean. (p. 11) When Peter and Ender simulate the war, they are telling the reader that even children are aware of the terrible war. The author shows his message of a terrible future here th rough the public activities of children being affected by the events that are far from home. Lastly, Montags wife tries to kill herself by taking an entire bottle of sleeping pills and some emergency workers beat they just go about their business like her suicidal tendencies are nothing.

Comparing Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451 :: comparison compare contrast essays

Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451   The novels Enders Game and Fahrenheit 451 take place in the future the futures that the motives have created are troubled and the world is approaching a disastrous end. Initi tout ensembley, Colonel Graff invites Ender to Battle School and tells him how important it is that he participates in the war. The buggers may count like a game to you now, Ender, but they damn near wiped us out last time. They had us cold, outnumbered and outweaponed. The only thing that saved us was that we had the intimately brilliant troops commander we ever found. Call it fate, call it God, call it damnfool luck, we had Mazer Rackham. (p. 25) The future seems dark because the humans are trailing in bugger war. If the military could get another commander like Mazer Rackham, then the future would be brighter Ender Wiggins trains to be the next Mazer Rackham.  In Fahrenheit 451, people wanting to be diverted all the time causes the future to be mind numbing, bleak, and ruin.  The sun burnt every day. It burnt Time. The world rushed in a circle and glum on its axis and time was busy burning the years and the people anyway, without any help from him. So if he burnt things with the firemen and the sun burnt Time, that meant that everything burnt (p. 141)   The futuristic setting is the authors way of saying that the future will be depressing if humans fail to recognize and appreciate literature. The world is doomed because all these people want to do is sit in front of wall televisions and be entertained. Another example, Ender and Peter play buggers and astronauts, which simulates the real war that is taking place. When kids contend in the corridors, whole troops of them, the buggers never won, and sometimes the games got mean. (p. 11) When Peter and Ender simulate the war, they are telling the reader that even children are aware of the terrible war. The author shows his message of a terrible future here through the everyday activities of children being affected by the events that are far from home. Lastly, Montags wife tries to kill herself by taking an entire bottle of sleeping pills and some emergency workers come they just go about their business like her suicidal tendencies are nothing.

Formulation & Evalution of Atenolol Hcl Microemulsion for Ocular Administration

1. INTRODUCTION Objectives of the project (a) Develop a formulation of atenolol HCL smallemulsion for eyepiece action to decrease IOP in case of glaucoma. (b) Improve the fictitious character of patients life suffering from glaucoma. (c) Reduce the number of dosing per day. 1. 1 Eye If a physician performed a major operation on a seignior (a nobleman) with a bronze lancet and has relieve the seigniors life, or he opened the middle socket of a seignior with a bronze lancet and has saved the seigniors eye, he shall receive ten shekels of silver.But, if the physician in so doing has caused the seigniors death or has he destroyed the seigniors eye, they shall cut off his hand the forgo excerpts argon from 282 laws of King Hammurabis Code. The eye is unique in its therapeutic challenges. An efficient system of rules, that of tears and tear drainage, which quickly eliminates medicine solutions which makes topical oral communication to the eye slenderly unalike from well-nigh o ther aras of the body. Preparations for the eye comprise a variety of different types of products they whitethorn be solutions (eye drops or eyewashes), suspensions, or ointments.Any modern text on medicine product design and evaluation must place into perspective the unique nature of the ophthalmic dosage form in general to a greater extent specifically. It must consider that the bodily organ which, probably better than any(prenominal) other, serves as a model structure for the evaluation of drug activity, the eye. In no other organ butt end the practiti matchlessr, without surgical or mechanical interaction, so well observe the activity of the drug being administered.Most ocular structures can be readily viewed from cornea to retina and in doing so any signs of ocular or systemic disease can be detected long before sight-threatening or reliable health threatening disease states become intractable. Behind the relative straightforward composition nature of ophthalmic solutions and ointments, however, like many physicochemical parameters which affect drug stability, safety and efficacy as they do most other products.Additionally, specialized dosage forms such as p arnteral type ophthalmic solutions for intraocular, subtenons, and retrobulbar use suspensions for body of water-insoluble substances such as hydrocortisone and substantials for reconstitution such as ecothiophate iodide and tetracycline, all march the drug product designer with composition and manufacturing procedure challenges in the development of pharmaceuticals. optic products, like most others in the medical armamentarium, argon undergoing a process termed optimization.New modes of delivering a drug to the eye are being actively explored ranging from a solid hydrophobic device which is inserted into the ophthalmic cul-de-sac, to conventionally applied dosage forms which, receivable to their formulation characteristics markedly increase the drug residence time in the mountain chain o f the eye, thus providing drug for density for prolonged period of time and reducing the frequency with which a given drug product must be administered 1. ocular diseases are mainly treated topically by application of drug solutions administered as eye drops.These conventional dosage forms account for 90% of the available ophthalmic formulations. This can be due to the simplicity and convenience of such dosage forms 2. It is often assumed that drugs administered topically to the eye are rapidly and totally engrossed and are available to the desirable site in the globe of the eye to exert their therapeutic core. Indeed, this is generally not the case. When a quantity of topical ophthalmic dosage form is applied to the eye, generally to the lower cul-de-sac, several factors outright begin to affect the availability of the drug contained in that quantity of the dosage form.Upon application of 1 to 2 drops of a sterile ophthalmic solution, there are many factors, which lead partici pate in the removal of the applied drops from the lower cul-de-sac 5. The rootage factor effecting drug availability is that the loss of the drug from the palpebral fissure. This takes place by spillage of the drug from the eye and its removal via nasolacrimal apparatus. The normal al-Quran of tears in human eye is estimated to be approximately 7 l, and if blinking does not occur the human eye can accommodate a volume of 30 III without spillage from palpebral fissure.With an estimated drop volume of l, 70% of the administered volume of 2 drops can be seen to expel from the eye by overflow. If blinking occurs, the residual volume of lO l indicates that 90% of the administer volume of two drops will be expelled. The second factor is the drainage of the administered drop via the nasolacrimal system into the gastrointestinal tract which begins immediately upon in thus faration. This takes place when reflex tearing causes the volume of the fluid in the palpebral fissure to exceed the n ormal lacrimal volume of 7 10 l.Fig (l) indicates the pathways for this drainage. A terce mechanism of drug loss from the lacrimal fluid is systemic soaking up through the conjunctiva of the eye. The conjunctiva is a thin, vascularized membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera. collectible to the relative leakiness of the membrane, rich blood flow and large surface realm, conjunctival uptake of a topically applied drug from the tear fluids is typically an place of magnitude greater than corneal uptake 3. Figure (1) The pathways for drainage of drug from the eye 2In competition with the three foregoing drug removal from the palpebral fissure is the transcorneal absorption of drug, the cornea is an avascular body and, with the percorneal tear film graduation refracting mechanism operant in the physiological process of sight. It is composed of lipophilic epithelium, Bowmans membrane, hydrophilic stroma, Descements membrane an d lipophilic endothelium. Drugs penetrate crosswise the corneal epithelium via the transcellular or paracellular pathway. Lipophilic drugs prefer the transcellular route.Hydrophilic drugs penetrate mainly through the paracellular pathway which involves passive or altered public exposure through intercellular spaces, for most topically applied drugs, passive diffusion along their concentration gradient, either transcellularly or paracellularly, is the main permeation mechanism across the cornea 6. Physicochemical drug properties, such as lipophilicity, solubility, molecular size and shape and degree of ionization affect the route and rate of permeation in cornea 3. 1. 2 Microemulsions Oil and water are immiscible. They separate into two courses when mixed, each saturated with traces of the other component 7.An attempt to combine the two phases requires energy input to consecrate water- anele contacts that would replace the water-water and embrocate-oil contacts. The interfacial tension between bulk oil and water can be as high as 30- dynes/cm 8. To overcome this, wetters can be used. Surfactants are surface-active molecules. They contain water-loving (hydrophilic) and oil-loving (lipophilic) moieties 9. Because of this characteristic, they scat to adsorb at the water-oil interface. If enough surfactant molecules are present, they align and create an interface between the water and the oil by decreasing the interfacial tension 8.An emulsion is formed, when a small heart of an appropriate surfactant is mechanically agitated with the oil and water. This results in a two-phase scatter where one phase exists as droplets coated by surfactant that is dispersed throughout the continuous, other phase. These emulsions are milky or mysterious in appearance due to the fact that the droplet sizes range from 0. 1 to 1 micron in diameter 9. As a general rule, the type of surfactant used in the system determines which phase is continuous. If the surfactant is hydrop hilic, thenoil will be emulsified in droplets throughout a continuous water phase.The opposite is true for more than lipophilic surfactants. Water will be emulsified in droplets that are dispersed throughout a continuous oil phase in this case 10. Emulsions are kinetically stable, but are ultimately thermodynamically unstable. Over time, they will begin to separate back into their two phases. The droplets will merge together, and the dispersed phase will sediment (cream) 9. At this point, they degrade back into bulk phases of pure oil and pure water with close to of the surfactant dissolved in preferentially in one of the two 8. 1. 2. Characteristics of Microemulsions If a surfactant that possesses balanced hydrophilic and lipophilic properties is used in the right concentration, a different oil and water system will be produced. The system is still an emulsion, but exhibits some characteristics that are different from the milky emulsions discussed previously. These new systems ar e called microemulsions. The interfacial tension between phases, amount of energy required for formation, droplet sizes and visual appearance are only(prenominal) a fewer of the differences seen when comparing emulsions to microemulsions.Microemulsions are in many respects small- crustal plate emulsions. They are fragile systems in the sense that certain surfactants in specific concentrations are needed for microemulsion formation 11. In simplest form, they are a mixture of oil, water and a surfactant. The surfactant, in this case, generates an ultra-low free energy per unit of interfacial area between the two phases (103mN/m) which results from a precise balance between thehydrophilic and lipophilic nature of the surfactant and large oil-to-water interfacial areas.These ultra-low free energies allow thermodynamically stable equilibrium phases to exist, which require only gentle mixing to form 12. This increased surface area would ultimately catch the transport properties of a dr ug 14. The free energy of the system is minimized by the compensation of surface energy by dispersion entropy. The flexible interfacial film results in droplet sizes that fall in a range of 10-100 nm in diameter for microemulsion systems. Although these systems are formed spontaneously, the driving forces are small and may possibly take time to reach equilibrium 14.This is a dynamic process. There is diffusion of molecules within the microstructures and there are fluctuations in the curvature of the surfactant film. These droplets diffuse through the continuous phase while kinetics of the collision, merging and separation of droplets occur 13, 10. With droplet sizes in the nanometer range, microemulsions are optically transparent and are considered to be solutions. They are homogeneous on a macroscopic scale, but are heterogeneous on a molecular scale 7. Microemulsions usually exhibit low viscosities and Newtonian flow characteristics.Their flow will remain constant when subjected t o a variety of shear rates. Bicontinuous formulations may show some non-Newtonian flow and plasticity 16. Microemulsion viscosity is close to that of water, even at high droplet concentrations. The microstructure is constantly changing, making these very dynamic systems with reversible droplet coalescence 15. To study the different properties of microemulsions, a variety of techniques are usually employed. Light scattering, x-ray diffraction, ultracentrifugation, electrical conductivity, and viscosity measurements have been widely used 20.These are only a few of themany techniques used to characterize microemulsions. Instrumentation and their application to microemulsions will be discussed in a later chapter. 1. 2. 2 Types of Microemulsions Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, but are only found under carefully defined conditions 3. One way to characterize these systems is by whether the domains are in droplets or continuous 22. Characterizing the systems in this way results in three types of microemulsions oil-in-water (o/w), water-in-oil (w/o), and bicontinuous.Generally, one would assume that whichever phase was a larger volume would be the continuous phase, but this is not always the case. Figure (2) Possible nanostructures present within microemulsions a) o/w b) o/w, and c) Bicontinuous 22 Oil-in-water microemulsions are droplets of oil surrounded by a surfactant (and possibly co-surfactant) film that forms the sexual phase distributed in water, which is the continuous phase. This type of microemulsion generally has a larger interaction volume than the w/o microemulsions 23.The monolayer of surfactant forms the interfacial film that is oriented in a positive curve, where the polar head-groups face the continuous water phase and the lipophilic tails face into the oil droplets 17. The o/w systems are interesting because they modify a hydrophobic drug to be more soluble in an aqueous based system, by solubilizing it in the internal oil droplets. Mo st drugs tend to favor small/medium molecular volume oils as opposed to hydrocarbon oils due to the polarity of the poorly water-soluble drugs. An o/w drug delivery tends to be straightforward when compared to w/o microemulsions.This is the result of the droplet structure of o/w microemulsions being retained on dilution with the biological aqueous phase 23. Water-in-oil microemulsions are made up of droplets of water surrounded by an oil continuous phase. These are generally known as reverse-micelles, where the polar headgroups of the surfactant are face into the droplets of water with the fatty acid tails facing into the oil phase. This type of droplet is usually seen when the volume fraction of water is low, although the type of surfactant impacts this as well.A w/o microemulsion used orally or parenterally may be destabilized by the aqueous biological system. The biological system increases the phase volume of the internal phase, eventually leading to a percolation phenomenon wh ere phase separation or phase inversion occurs 23. Oral peptide delivery in w/o microemulsions is still used, however, The hydrophilic peptides can be easily incorporated into the water internal phase and are more protected from enzymatic proteolysis by the continuous oil phase than other oral dosage forms 17, 18.A w/o microemulsion is best employed, though, in situations where dilution by the aqueous phase is unlikely, such as intramuscular stab or transdermal delivery 17, 19. When the amount of water and oil present are similar, a bicontinuousmicroemulsion system may result. In this case, both water and oil exist as a continuous phase. Irregular channels of oil and water are intertwined, resulting in what looks like a sponge-phase 20, 21. Transitions from o/w to w/o microemulsions may pass through this bicontinuous state.Bicontinuousmicroemulsions, as mentioned before, may show non-Newtonian flow and plasticity. These properties make them especially useful for topical delivery o f drugs or for intravenous administration, where upon dilution with aqueous biological fluids form an o/w microemulsion 25. 1. 2. 3 Preparation of Microemulsion The preparation of microemulsions requires the determination of the existence range of microemulsions, which can be determined by visual observation of various mixtures of surfactant, co-surfactant, oily phase, and aqueous phase reported in a phase diagram.Two techniques are presented in the literature, each of them resulting in microemulsions (1) strike process by autoemulsification (2) process based on supply of energy. 1. 2. 3. 1 Autoemulsification Due to the spontaneous formation of the microemulsions, they can be prepared in one step by mixing the constituents with magnetic stirrer. The order of the addition of the constituents is not considered a critical factor for the preparation of micro emulsions, but it can influence the time required to obtain equilibrium.This time will increase if the co-surfactant is added to the organic phase, because its greater solubility in this phase will prevent the diffusion in the aqueous phase. This method is easier and much simpler then supply of energy method 25. 1. 2. 3. 2 Process based on supply of energy In this case, microemulsions are not obtained spontaneously. A decrease of the quantity of surfactants results in the use of high- embrace level homogenizers in order to obtain the desired size of droplets that constitute the internal phase as opposed to the former technique 23.Benita and Levy 18 have studied the efficacy of various equipment for obtaining particles of different sizes. Two steps are required the first step produces a coarse emulsion (0. 65 mm) by using a high-speed mixer. The second step consists of using a high pressure homogenizer. The dispersion of the oily phase in the aqueous phase is also facilitated by heating the phases before mixing them, the choice of the temperature depending on the sensitivity of the drug to heat.Cooling the pr eparation is required before its introduction in the high-pressure homogenizer, which can raise the temperature. A blue opalescent micro emulsion is obtained. 1. 2. 4 revue of literature The microemulsion dosage form provided a delayed pharmacological action compared to the pharmacological action of regular eye drops. This observation led to the conclusion that the micro emulsion eye drops have a real advantage compared to regular eye drops which must be administered four times a day due to the short duration of the pharmacological action.According to Naveh et al. , it appeared that the retention of pilocarpine content in the internal oil phase, and the oil-water interface of the emulsion are sufficient to concomitantly enhance the ocular absorption of the drug through the cornea, and also increasing the corneal concentration of pilocarpine. After comparing the diffusion profiles of two microemulsions preparations and an aqueous solution of pilocarpine, Hasse and Keipert 29 studied their pharmacological effect in vivo by using six rabbits for each group.The obtained results were different from those observed in vitro. The two microemulsions provided a delayed release compared to the release of the drug incorporated in the aqueous solution. No experimental study has been conducted with microemulsions prepared by autoemulsification. However, several trials were conducted with microemulsions prepared by supply of energy. Melamed et al. 27 prepared micro emulsions containing adaprolol maleate. According to these authors, no ocular irritation was noticed in the group of forty healthy volunteers as opposed to regular eye droplets.The depressor effect was delayed the intra-ocular pressure was still high 6 and 12 h after the instillation of the micro emulsion. A single instillation of microemulsion or corresponding placebo, namely microemulsion without any drug, was administered to twenty healthy volunteers. The determined parameters were the pupillary diameter and v ariation of intra-ocular pressure. The effect of the micro emulsion which contains pilocarpine is obvious as compared to the placebo and was noticed within 1 h from instillation. The return to the initial values was noticed within 12 h 28,29. Lv et al. 32 investigated micro emulsion systems composed of Span20/80, Tween20/80, n-butanol, H20, isopropyl palmitate (IPP)/isopropy lmyristate (IPM) as model systems of drug carriers for eye drops. The results showed that the stability of the chloramphenicol in the micro emulsion formulations was increased remarkably. Study of the effect of a single dose of atenolol 4% eye drops on 21 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma during a double-blind clinical trial. Monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP), blood pressure, and pulse rate. At three and six h after medication, the ordinary lessening of IOP was 7. and 4. 1 mm Hg respectively compared to the baseline readings without medication. The reduction of IOP at four h after medication was 6. 3 mm Hg compared to the pretreatment value. This corresponds to an average change from the pretreatment value of 22 percent. Blood pressure and pulse rate did not change significantly. We observed no subjective or objective ocular side effects. The duration of the effect of a single dose of Atenolol 4% eye drops is approximately six h. Atenolol 4% eye drops may become a useful agent in the medical treatment of glaucoma if a long-term effect and no ocular side effects 30. . 3 Atenolol Atenolol is a selective ? 1 receptorantagonist, a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers (sometimes written ? -blockers), a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. Introduced in 1976, atenolol was developed as a replacement for propranolol in the treatment of hypertension. The chemical works by slowing kill the heart and reducing its workload. Unlike propranolol, atenolol does not pass through the blood-brain barrier thus avoiding various central nervous system side effects. 25 Atenolol is one of the most widely used ? -blockers in the unify Kingdom and was once the first-line treatment for hypertension. The role for ? -blockers in hypertension was downgraded in June 2006 in the United Kingdom to fourth-line, as they perform less appropriately or effectively than newer drugs, particularly in the elderly. Some evidence suggests that even in normal doses the most frequently used ? -blockers carry an unacceptable risk of provoking type 2 diabetes. Figure (3) Chemical structure of Atenolol 26

Mkt 310 Exam 2 Study Guide

MKT 310 Exam 2 Study Guide BOOK Ch. 5 multinational mint Theory An Overview of Trade Theory * The Benefits of Trade Some international carry on is beneficial, commutation products you nookie produce at a low court for some products you cannot produce at all * Free Trade The absence of government barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries. * International trade allows a pastoral to specialize in the manufacture and merchandise of products it can produce nearly expeditiously while outcomeing products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. Climate and natural resources explain why Ghana exports cocoa, and Saudi Arabia exports oil * Product Life-Cycle Theory Early in their life cycles, most new products be produced in and exported from the country in which they were developed. As the product becomes accepted internationally, production begins to start in other countries. Thus suggesting that the product whitethorn ultimately be e xported back to the country of its original innovation. New Trade Theory Theory that sometimes countries specialize in the production and export of detail products not because of underlying differences in factor endowments, but because in certain industries the gentlemans gentleman market can support only a limited calculate of firms. Mercantilism * Mercantilism Originated in England, An economical philosophy advocating that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. It was in the countries best interest to maintain a trade surplus, to export more than it imported. Also advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. Zero-Sum Game A situation in which an economic amplification by one country results in an economic loss by another. The flaw with Mercantilism is that it is viewed as a Zero-Sum Game. * Critics think China is pursuing a neo-mercantilist society, deliberately keeping its currency value low against the U. S. dollar in order to sell more goods to the U. S. , thus creating a surplus and foreign exchange reserves. Absolute utility * Absolute Advantage A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a product when it is more efficient than some(prenominal) other country in producing it. According to Smith countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then trade these for goods produced by other countries. (Countries should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower approach from other countries. Comparative Advantage * Comparative Advantage It bring ins sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods that it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods that it produces less efficiently from other countries, in time if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself. Basic Message of Comparative Trade Potential world production is greater with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted free trade. * Immobile Resources Resources do not always shift easily from on activity to another, some friction is involved. Belief that a country will produce less of some goods but more of others, however not everyone has the skills and knowledge to produce the greater good, thus some people whitethorn lose their jobs. * Diminishing Returns When more units of a resource are required to produce separately additional unit.First not all resources are of the same quality, and antithetical goods use resources in different proportions. * Constant Returns to Specialization The units of resources required to produce a good are assumed to remain constant no motion where one is on a countrys production possibility frontier. * Dynamic Effects and Economic Growth Opening an economy to trade, might growth a countries stock of resources as step-upd suppliers of labor and capital from abroad become available for use within the co untry, and free trade might increase the efficiency with which a country uses its resources. When a rich country(U. S. ) participates in free trade with a poor country(China) the lower prices that U. S. consumers pay for goods imported from China whitethorn not be enough to produce a net gain for the U. S. economy if the dynamic effect of free trade is to lower real salary rates in the U. S. * Evidence for the Link between Trade and Growth Countries that adopt a more open stance toward international trade make out higher growth rates than those that close their economies to trade. Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowment, and by factor endowment they meant the extent to which a country is endowed with such resources as land, labor, and capital.. The Heckscher-Ohlin Theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive u se of factors that are locally scarce. * The Leontief Paradox Since U. S. was relatively abundant in capital compared to other nations, the U. S. would export capital intensive goods and import effortful ones. However he found that the U.S. exports were less capital intensive than the imports. The Product Life-Cycle Theory * Most new products were initially produced in the U. S. and sold in the U. S. markets beginning(a), the wealthiness and size of the U. S. can them strong incentives to develop new consumer products. , in addition the high cost of U. S. labor gave U. S. firms an incentive to develop cost-savings process innovations. These expensive goods are only appealing to the wealthy of other nations, thus there isnt that much overall global interest, so no other countries feel it is required to start producing the product as well. New Trade Theory The ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. * Economies of S cale whole cost reductions associated with a large scale of output * New Trade Theory makes 2 important points * 1) Through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average cost of those goods. * 2) In those industries where the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of conglomeration world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises. First-Movers Advantage are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first movers advantage. * Implications of New Trade Theory generates for government intervention and strategic trade policy, a nation may befit from trade even if they do not differ in resource endowments or technology, trade allows a nation to specialize in the production of certain productsattaining scales of economy and expectant cost.National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond * Porter theorizes that 4 broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitve advantage. These attributes are * Factor Endowments A nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the nucleotide necessary to compete in a given industry (Advanced factors are the most significant competitive advantage. ) * Demand Conditions the record of home demand for the indutrys product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. * Firm strategy, Structure, and Rivalry The conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry. * He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in nindustries or in dustry segments where the diamond is most favorable.. The diamond is a mutually reinforcing frame meaning the effect of one attribute is contingent on the state of others. Ch. 6 The Political Economy of International Trade Instruments of Trade Policy * Tariffs A tariff is a tax levied on imports (or exports. ) In most cases tariffs are dictated on imports to protect domestic producers from foreign competition by facts of life the price of imported goods. Tariffs also produce revenue for the government. The government and the domestic producers gain from having tariffs, whereas the consumers lose. * 2 conclusions can be made about tariffs First, tariffs are pro-producer and anti-consumer.Second, import tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy. (Tariffs encourage domestic products to be sold at home when they could be more efficiently sold in the global market. ) * Export tariffs raise money for the government, and they reduce exports from a sector, often for political reasons. * 2 Types of Tariffs * Specific Tariffs Levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported (ex. $3 per barrel of oil) * Ad Valorem Tariffs Levied as a proportion of the value of imported goods. Subsidies A subsidy is a government payment to a domestic producer. By lowering production costs, subsidies help domestic producers in 2 ways 1) competing against foreign imports and 2) gaining export markets. * horticulture is the largest beneficiary of subsidies. * Non-Agriculture subsidy ex. Money given to Boeing and Airbus * The main gains from subsidies accrue to domestic producers, whose international competiveness is increased as a result. * Subsidies protect the inefficient and promote otiose production. Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints An import quota is a direct restriction on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country * Tariff Rate Quota The process of applying a lower tariff rate to imports within the quota than thos e over the quota. * Voluntary Export Restraint A quota on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing countrys government. Ex. Limitation on auto exports to the U. S. enforced by the Japanese automobile producers. * Quota Rent The extra profit producers make when supply is artificially limited by an import quota. Local Content Requirements A indispensableness that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically. Ex. Buy America Act specifies that government agencies must give preference to American products when put contracts for equipment out to bid unless the foreign products have a significant price advantage. * Administrative Policies * Administrative Trade Policies Bureaucratic rules designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country, as it has been argues that the Japanese are masters of this trade barrier. * Antidumping Policies Dumping Selling goods in a foreign market at below their costs of production or belo w their free market value. Ex. 2 South Korean manufacturers of semiconductors were accused of selling microchips in the U. S. market at below their cost of production. * Anti-Dumping Policies Policies designed to punish foreign firms that engage in dumping and thus protect domestic producers from unfair foreign competition. * Countervailing Duties Antidumping duties. Political Arguments for Intervention * defend Jobs and Industries Tariffs placed on steel in 2002 by G.W. Bush were supposed to do this. * National Security Protect the area of technological advancement, and the defense industries. * Retaliation enjoyment threat to interpose in trade policy as a bargaining tool to help open foreign markets and force trading partners to impart by the rules. Ex. U. S. has used threat of punitive trade sanctions to try and get the Chinese government to enforce its intellectual quality laws China cost Microsoft hundreds of millions of dollars per class in lost sales revenues. * Protecting Consumers Ex.Many countries decided to ban imports of American beef after one case of Mad Cow Disease was found. * Furthering impertinent Policies Objectives Governments sometimes use trade policy to further support their foreign policy objectives. * Helms-Burton Act This act allows American to sue foreign firms that use property in Cuba confiscated from them after the 1959 revolution. * DAmato Act Act passed in 1996, similar to the Helms-Burton Act, but this one is aimed at Libya and Iran. * Protecting Human Rights Ex.Debate over many years on whether to grant the Most Favorable Nation to China this is controversial bc many think China doesnt regard human rights per the Tiananmen Square Massacre. * Protecting the Environment Strong relation between income levels and environmental pollution/degradation. Ex. Carbon Emissions Tariff, etc. Economic Arguments for Intervention * The Infant Industry Argument New industries in developing countries must be temporarily p rotected from international competition to help them reach a position where they can compete on world markets with the firms of developed nations. Skepticism because protection of manufacturing from foreign competition does no good unless the protection helps make the industry efficient. Second, the infant industry argument relies on an assertion that firms are unable to make efficient long term investments by borrowing money from the domestic or international capital market. * Strategic Trade Policy A Government policy aimed at improving the competitive position of a domestic industry or domestic firm in the world market. It is argued that by appropriate actions, a government can help raise national income if it can somehow ensure that the firm(s) that gain first-movers advantage within an industry are domestic rather than foreign enterprises. * The second component of the strategic trade policy is that it might pay a government to intervene in an industry by helping domestic fir ms overcome the barriers to entry created by foreign firms that have already reaped the benefits of first-movers advantage. Development of the World Trading formation , GATT, WTO (Look in PPT slides for this info. )

Analysis of the Movie “Jose Rizal” Essay

A three-hour epic on the career and struggles of poet and patriot Jose Rizal, the national hero and martyr of the Philippines, this film was commissioned to mark the 1998 centennial of the outlandishs independence from Spanish colonial rule. Rizal was a remarkably educated man not only was he a writer, but he was besides a painter, sculptor, doctor and surgeon, teacher, natural scientist, economist, engineer and theologian. He was an excellent fencer and marksman he studied at colleges in Europe, America and Asia, traveled to many different nations and could speak twenty- ii langu historic periods. He was a champion of his countrys independence, a Philippine Gandhi who faced the firing squad at the age of thirty-five for inciting rebellion. He was the instigator of the Philippine revolution of 1896-98, the first national uprising against a colonial power in Asia. He also wrote two books, Noli me tangere and El Filibusterismo, which sought to increase his peoples political awarene ss.Director Marilou Diaz-Abaya deliberately avoids a historical lesson. The Rizal of her story Cesar Montano is thinking back on his life and writings from his prison cell in the fortress of Santiago the characters that appear are a blend of the real people, friends and enemies as well as those he created in his books. The script is solid, with a contribution by Diaz-Abayas long time collaborator, Ricky Lee the soft tones of the cinematography helps to create an atmosphere of magic seize to the story of a legendary hero, and the acting by Cesar Montano is quite remarkable. The movie begins in 1891 with Jose Rizal, played by Cesar Montano, as an established author and linguist who speaks to a greater extent than 20 languages. He vows to write about the sufferings of the Filipino people under the tyranny of Spanish rule, and about their abuse by corrupt priests. Rizals writings galvanize the Filipino people but earn the scorn of the Spanish government, which vows to crush the rebell ion of the Filipinos.The Spanish military capture and torture Joses pal Paciano, played by Pen Medina, to determine Joses role in the rebellion. During a flashback, Jose says Paciano greatly influenced him by exposing him to the injustice going on in the Philippines. Paciano is released afterward his interrogation and returns to Manila, where the family plans to go on the run. An order is given to arrest Jose Rizal on sight.The movie cuts back to Joses childhood, when he was called Pepe. When he is a child, his mother is falsely arrested for attempted murder and jailed for two years. He gets attention from educators early on for his intelligence and writing prowess. As a young man, he criticizes a college professor for stating that Spaniards are superior to Filipinos. Filipino students start fighting Spanish students after Jose starts raising the issue of Filipino independence. Cutting back to 1896, Jose is captured and put on trial, and his books are banned.The film then cuts ba ck and forth between Joses rise as a revolutionary and his fall from grace during his trial. As a student, Rizal spent significant time in Madrid but then became disgusted with Spains occupation of Filipino land and Spanish treatment of Filipino citizens. The mayor of Madrid is arrested and discredited for having a Rizal book. A violent revolt breaks out in 1896, which Jose does not support because he sees it as mass suicide. loss back to the trial, enormous pressure is put upon Joses defense attorneys, with critics branding them as traitors for defending the rebel.It is revealed in a flashback that Jose had fathered a child that had died soon after birth, adding to his inner turmoil as he buried his only son. In the trial, his books are examined and criticized for their pro-Filipino stance against Spanish imperialists. He is found guilty of staging a rebellion through his speaking and writing, and hes condemned to death by firing squad. He sneaks a poem to his family before his ex ecution, and he yells It is done A full-blown rebellion is soon under way. Two years later, in 1898, the Filipino flag is lifted triumphantly as the citizens celebrate their independence.

People Commit Crime for Selfish Reason Essay

Last week, when I was on the commission to school and suddenly I heard a girl screaming for help. Then, I straight away went to look for her. I was shocked when I witnessed a girl was being robbed by a man. This gave me a whole idea of wickedness awareness which is alarming in the country. In this modernization and globalization era, people go against the laws to pull in the degenerate activities such as kidnapping, murdering and drug dealing because they are self-centered and they do not care about others feelings. Thus, do you think it is right to commit crime for selfish creators?In my opinion, I totally agree that people commit crime for selfish reason or for their take benefits because they are craving for money, privation to fulfill their lust or jealousy and to survive in their life. First, I would like to highlight that people commit crime for selfish reasons because they craving for money. In this rat race society, people t curiosity to commit crimes to mystify more money because they want to increase the standard of their lifespan such as having a luxurious life. Unfortunately, some people can make it but some people fail.If they cannot make it plus they are uneducated or with low paying salary, they result tend to commit crimes such as embezzlement and bribery. This is due to the reason, people will be looked up by others based on their strong off appearance, for instance, luxurious car and branded bags will upgrade their status. Consequently, if they are having strong desire to have more money, they will tend to go against the laws and get involved in many illegal activities like robbery. Besides, they do not care about others and they just want to get more money to revel their luxurious life.In brief, commiting crimes for money is a selfish action. Another point that I would like to highlight in this phenomenan of people commiting crime for selfish reason is because they want to fulfill their lust or jealousy. If people are feeling ver y lonely and they have strong desire to do some profligate activities such as sexual harrasment towards a girl by force. For example, when men see sexy and attractive girls walking on the pathway, they are being tempted and this will urge them to harrass those girls.This is because they want to vent their emotion and fulfill their lust and they do not care about others feelings. Besides, people tend to commit crimes to fulfill their lust such as raping or killing people for excitement. If people are emotionally sick or pervert and get involved in trigon love such as when two girls are in love with the same guy, both of them might feel jealous with each other and end up with fighting. If this matter turns serious, it might also end up with a murder case.The girl is willing to murder the other girl, so that she can own the guy all for herself. Hence, commiting crimes for fulfilling their lust or jealousy is a self-centered action. Last but not least, I would like to highlight that p eople commit crime for their own benefits because they want to survive in their life. Without any educational background, they could not get a proper job to sustain a living in the high cost standard in the city. As a result, this will lead them to commit crimes such as kidnapping and robbery to survive.Besides, they accept food, shelter and other physical needs of life that lead them to commit crime for their own survival. Thus, they care less about the cosequences of their action and even snub the pain of the victims from the actions that they have done. Other than that, some people are lazy to work for their life and always think about to go for an easy way so that they will tend to commit crimes for their self-centered reasons for instance stealing, break-in houses and car thieves.Therefore, commiting crimes for survival in their life is a selfish action. In conclusion, I restate my stand that people commit crimes for their own purposes. Their selfish action is due to craving for money, fulfilling their lust or jealousy and surviving in their life. alone of these are also not a good excuse for commiting crimes and these problems have to be resolved as soon as possible which needs the co-operation among the government and citizen of Malaysia.